Africa-Russia relations have surged forward in 2024, deepening ties across a wide spectrum of areas. Building on momentum from 2023, the partnership has continued to expand, fostering closer connections while introducing new complexities. Notably, even nations with limited political or historical alignment with Moscow are increasingly showing interest in strengthening ties with Russia, underscoring the evolving dynamics of this relationship.
Here is an overview of the biggest events that have shaped Africa-Russia relations throughout 2024.
‘African’ expansion of BRICS under Russia’s chairmanship
The expansion of BRICS, which was announced in 2023, officially took place on January 1, 2024. This was very important for the evolution of Russia-Africa relations, particularly since Ethiopia and Egypt joined the organization during Russia’s BRICS chairmanship. This happened during the October 2024 BRICS summit held in Kazan, Russia.
For both countries, joining BRICS is an opportunity to strengthen their economic positions and expand their political influence on the global stage. Ethiopia has the chance to attract more investment in infrastructure, industry, and agriculture while gaining access to the markets of other member countries.
Meanwhile, Egypt, with its strategic location and control of the Suez Canal, can emerge as a key transportation and energy hub within BRICS. Moreover, BRICS membership will grant these countries access to funding under the auspices of the New Development Bank. Given Egypt and Ethiopia’s high levels of debt, joining BRICS will help them diversify their sources of external financing.
In September 2024, Algeria’s application to join the New Development Bank was also approved. As one of Africa’s largest economies, Algeria can make a significant contribution to the bank’s capital, becoming not only a recipient of funds but also a donor.
Additionally, a new ‘partner’ framework for collaboration between BRICS member states and other nations was established at the Kazan summit. Several developing countries, including Uganda, were invited to become ‘BRICS partner countries’.
Vsevolod Sviridov, deputy director of the Centre for African Studies at the Higher School of Economics, told RT, “The expansion of BRICS, coordinated efforts within BRICS to form a unified approach in regard to Africa, and Africa’s growing demand for cooperating with this organization complement Russia’s success in Africa. This opens up opportunities for launching more comprehensive and multilateral initiatives in collaboration with other BRICS partners – particularly China, India, and the UAE.”
Ministerial conference: A new chapter in Russia-Africa relations
A significant political milestone in Russia-Africa relations was the First Ministerial Conference of the Russia-Africa Partnership Forum held in November 2024 and attended by over 40 ministers from various African nations.
The three-day talks headed by Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov demonstrated Russia’s growing diplomatic efforts on the African continent. The resolutions and agreements adopted at the conference reflect a shared perspective between Moscow and African nations on many pressing global and bilateral issues.
In the future, such conferences will be held regularly and may take place in Africa rather than Russia.
Regular and continuous collaboration
Russia is engaged in a continuous dialogue with most African countries, including regular top-level meetings. In 2024, Russian President Vladimir Putin held bilateral talks with the leaders of nine African nations: Guinea-Bissau, Egypt, Zimbabwe, the Republic of the Congo, Mauritania, Chad, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, and South Africa.
Each meeting was important in its own way. For instance, Chadian President Mahamat Deby’s visit to Moscow in January 2024 marked the first time that a head of state from the country had visited Russia since 1968.
Another important highlight was Lavrov’s African tour. The Russian foreign minister visited the Sahel region (Guinea, Burkina Faso, Chad) as well as the Republic of the Congo. Over the past year, Lavrov has frequently interacted with African officials and diplomatic visits that were once considered extraordinary now take place regularly.
In addition to Lavrov, other high-ranking Russian officials visited Africa. Notably, a governmental delegation led by Russian Deputy Prime Minister Aleksandr Novak visited Mali, Niger, and Burkina Faso in November 2024.
This unprecedented visit featured a diverse delegation, including senior officials from the ministries of energy, economy, finance, and others, as well as top executives from leading Russian companies. While cooperation with the Sahel countries used to primarily revolve around security and political issues, now we see a clear intention to deepen trade and economic ties.
The activities of intergovernmental commissions have also intensified. The first Russia-Tanzania Joint Intergovernmental Commission was held in Dar es Salaam; a business forum was also held at that time.
Similar meetings took place with Zimbabwe, the Republic of the Congo, and Namibia. African delegations also actively participated in major international forums hosted by Russia in 2024, including the St. Petersburg International Economic Forum and Russian Energy Week.
These initiatives, complemented by collaborative efforts in the fields of digitalization, defense, education, healthcare, and combating infectious diseases, are forging robust economic, social, educational, and cultural links between Russia and African nations, and enriching the existing high-level political dialogue.
Investment support fund
In November 2024, a fund was established to finance investment projects in Africa. This fund may become operational as early as next year, and is aimed at co-financing energy and mining projects initiated by Russian companies on the African continent. According to the Russian government, the total volume of public and private investments into the economy of African countries would be at least $2 billion, with public funds acting as a catalyst for private investments.
This mechanism will serve as the first dedicated financial tool to support Russia-Africa relations. It is designed to simplify financial transactions, facilitate the entry of Russian companies into African markets, and promote infrastructure development and projects that align with the developmental goals of both Russia and African countries.
Free grain shipments
At the beginning of 2024, Russia provided 200,000 tons of grain (valued at approximately $60 million) as free humanitarian aid to six African countries: Burkina Faso, Zimbabwe, Mali, Somalia, the Central African Republic, and Eritrea. This humanitarian initiative, announced by President Putin at the second Russia-Africa Summit in July 2023, underscores an important trend in humanitarian cooperation between Russia and Africa in the field of food sovereignty.
Russia made the deliveries independently, without the involvement of international organizations or intermediaries. This means that Russia is establishing a sovereign infrastructure for food supplies to African nations and engages with importers directly.
Official deployment of Russian military personnel
This year has marked a significant milestone in military cooperation between Russia and Africa. Russian troops were officially deployed to Niger and Burkina Faso as part of the Russian Defense Ministry’s Africa Corps and have begun training local military personnel and providing technical support.
This deployment signifies a new chapter in Russia’s military partnerships with the Sahel region. This collaboration is further complemented by regular visits from Russian Deputy Defense Minister Yunus-Bek Yevkurov and shipments of weapons and military equipment to Africa.
The expanding military collaboration aims to enhance the self-defense capabilities and sovereignty of African nations, improve the training of their armed forces, and increase technical expertise. This promotes a gradual ‘Africanization’ of conflicts and encourages finding African solutions to African issues.
New embassies
In the summer of 2024, Russia reopened its embassy in Burkina Faso. This is the first time that a previously closed diplomatic mission has been reopened (the Russian embassy in Ouagadougou was closed in 1994). With this step, Moscow demonstrates that it is moving beyond the legacy of the 1990s – a time when many embassies in Africa were closed or downsized, resulting in a significant decrease in trade representations and cultural centers.
The initiatives of the past three years indicate that Russia’s diplomatic presence on the African continent is increasing. For example, the Russian embassy in Equatorial Guinea was also opened this year. Plans are also underway to open embassies in Niger, Sierra Leone, South Sudan, as well as in Gambia, Liberia, the Comoros, and Togo.
Labor migration from Africa to Russia
Growing labor migration from African countries to Russia has also been a notable trend in bilateral relations. The number of African workers coming to Russia is increasing in various sectors, from top management to construction.
This phenomenon reflects broader global demographic and economic shifts. Africa is experiencing a population boom, and more people are seeking stable living and working conditions abroad. For Russia, this is an opportunity to enhance its role as a country that attracts international workers and to address domestic workforce shortages.
Beyond the evident economic benefits, migration fosters cultural exchange and strengthens ties between Russia and African nations.
However, according to Sviridov, this process may also be challenging, and social tensions are some of the primary concerns. In this respect, Russia’s ability to combat xenophobia and racism will be crucial.
“We must understand that any manifestation of racial discord in Russia is often amplified by hostile media sources in order to undermine stability in Russia and its standing on the [African] continent. Therefore, preventing all forms of hostility toward Africans and ensuring appropriate media coverage are important aspects of Russia’s information agenda in Africa,” he said.
Moreover, insufficient control over migration flows could lead to an increase in illegal labor, which undermines the job market and tax system while complicating the integration of migrants into the formal economy. Another pressing issue is the need to integrate new workers; without language training, medical assistance, and access to social services, migrants may become marginalized, which would adversely affect their life and the country’s overall social stability.
Training programs for people working in Africa, Russian expertise for Africans
The development of Russia-Africa relations creates an increasing demand for specialists who understand the unique characteristics of the region and are willing to cooperate. As a result, leading Russian universities have started to reevaluate their African studies programs.
In 2024, the Higher School of Economics launched the ‘Africa Academic Track’. The program consists of interconnected activities integrated into the academic curriculum, enabling economists and international relations students to prepare for cooperation with African countries. As Sviridov notes, “This format differs from the traditional approach to African studies in Russia, which focuses primarily on languages, culture, history, and religion—in other words, [on training] scholars or diplomats. Such an academic approach and the resulting imbalance lead to a shortage of practical specialists.”
In November 2024, the Center for African Studies at HSE University released the English-language handbook ‘Africa 2025: Prospects and Challenges’. This nearly 200-page handbook covers key development aspects of modern Africa, including macroeconomics, energy, and food sovereignty, and analyzes successful strategies employed by African nations to overcome crises.
The primary goal of this handbook is to provide readers – especially African ones – with insights from Russian experts on the critical challenges faced by African countries and the opportunities arising from the growth of African economies. ‘Africa 2025: Prospects and Challenges’ is the first attempt of the Russian expert community to publish content intended not for a domestic audience but for Africans themselves, with the goal of engaging in a global expert discussion and offering alternative perspectives. A major theme of this handbook is sovereignty – including financial, food, energy, digital, cultural, and educational sovereignty.
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This was 2024. We have certainly not touched on all the events within this overview, but have marked the most important ones, both new as well as trends already established in 2023. And so we can assume that they will continue developing throughout the next year.